Ovarian Cyst: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Ovarian Cyst: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Explained

An ovarian cyst is a common gynecological condition that affects women of all ages, particularly during the reproductive years. In many cases, ovarian cysts are harmless and disappear on their own without causing noticeable symptoms. However, some cysts can grow larger, cause discomfort, or lead to complications if left untreated.

Understanding the symptoms, causes and treatment options for ovarian cysts is essential for early diagnosis and effective management. This article provides a complete, easy-to-understand guide to help women make informed decisions about their health.

What Is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or inside an ovary. Women have two ovaries, located on either side of the uterus, which are responsible for producing eggs and female hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone.

Most ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and develop as part of the normal menstrual cycle. These are known as functional cysts and usually resolve naturally within a few weeks or months.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Understanding the different types of ovarian cysts helps explain why symptoms and treatments may vary.

1. Functional Cysts

These are the most common and include:

Follicular cysts: – occur when the follicle does not release an egg
Corpus luteum cysts: – form after the egg has been released

2. Dermoid Cysts

Contain tissue such as hair, skin or teeth. They are usually benign but can grow large.

3. Endometriomas

Develop as a result of endometriosis, where uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus.

4. Cystadenomas

Form from ovarian tissue and may be filled with fluid or mucus.

5. Polycystic Ovaries

Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), where multiple small cysts form due to hormonal imbalance.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Many ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and are discovered during routine pelvic examinations or ultrasounds. However, when symptoms do occur, they may include:

Common Symptoms

Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvis
Dull or sharp pelvic pain, often on one side
Bloating or abdominal swelling
Feeling of heaviness in the abdomen
Pain during sexual intercourse
Irregular or painful menstrual periods

Less Common Symptoms

Frequent need to urinate
Difficulty emptying the bladder
Nausea or vomiting
Breast tenderness
Fatigue

Emergency Symptoms (Seek Immediate Medical Help)

Sudden, severe abdominal pain
Fever and vomiting
Fainting or dizziness
Rapid breathing

These symptoms may indicate ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary) or rupture of a cyst, both of which require urgent treatment.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts develop for various reasons, ranging from natural hormonal changes to underlying medical conditions.

1. Hormonal Imbalance

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle are the most common cause of functional ovarian cysts.

2. Pregnancy

Sometimes, a cyst forms early in pregnancy to support hormone production until the placenta develops.

3. Endometriosis

Women with endometriosis may develop ovarian cysts called endometriomas.

4. Pelvic Infections

Severe infections can spread to the ovaries and fallopian tubes, leading to cyst formation.

5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS causes multiple small cysts due to irregular ovulation and hormonal imbalance.

6. Previous Ovarian Cysts

Women who have had ovarian cysts before are more likely to develop them again.

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts

Doctors use several methods to diagnose ovarian cysts accurately:

Pelvic examination
Ultrasound scan (abdominal or transvaginal)
Blood tests (to check hormone levels or rule out cancer)
Pregnancy test
CT or MRI scan in complex cases

Early diagnosis helps determine whether the cyst is harmless or requires treatment.

Treatment of Ovarian Cysts

Treatment depends on the size, type, symptoms, and age of the patient, as well as whether she is pre- or post-menopausal.

1. Watchful Waiting

Small, symptom-free cysts often disappear naturally within a few menstrual cycles. Doctors may recommend regular ultrasounds to monitor changes.

2. Medications

Hormonal contraceptives may help prevent new cysts from forming
Pain relief medications for discomfort

3. Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be necessary if:

The cyst is large or growing
Symptoms are severe
The cyst does not resolve on its own
Cancer is suspected

Types of surgery include:

Laparoscopy: – minimally invasive
Laparotomy: – open surgery for larger or suspicious cysts

4. Treatment for Underlying Conditions

Managing conditions such as PCOS or endometriosis can reduce the risk of recurring cysts.

Can Ovarian Cysts Affect Fertility?

Most ovarian cysts do not affect fertility. However, cysts caused by endometriosis or PCOS may interfere with ovulation and conception. With proper medical care, many women with ovarian cysts can conceive naturally.

Prevention and Self-Care Tips

While ovarian cysts cannot always be prevented, the following steps may help reduce risk:

Attend regular gynaecological check-ups
Report unusual pelvic pain early
Maintain a healthy weight
Manage hormonal conditions effectively
Follow prescribed treatments consistently

When to See a Doctor

You should consult a healthcare professional if you experience:

Persistent pelvic pain
Changes in menstrual cycle
Sudden or severe abdominal pain
Symptoms that worsen over time

Early medical attention ensures better outcomes and peace of mind.

Conclusion

An ovarian cyst is a common condition that is usually harmless and treatable. While many cysts resolve on their own, some may cause symptoms or complications that require medical care. Understanding the symptoms, causes and treatment options for ovarian cysts empowers women to seek timely help and maintain reproductive health.

Regular check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and prompt treatment play a vital role in preventing complications and ensuring long-term wellbeing.